While divorcing couples frequently carry credit card debt, often little attention is paid to these debts beyond their being assigned to one spouse or the other in the divorce judgment attorney staten island.
Care must be taken that a spouse will not be held responsible for additional credit card debts incurred by the other, and that each spouse is protected to the maximum extent possible if the other fails to make payments and ultimately to pay off their share of any joint credit card debt.
Remember: Creditors are not obligated to respect the terms of your divorce judgment attorney staten island.
Assigning Responsibilty for Credit Card Debt
Often the parties to a divorce will assign to each spouse the responsibility for specific credit cards and their associated debt. To help ensure that all joint debts are identified, including any credit cards which may have been taken out by one spouse without the other's knowledge, it may be beneficial to get copies of the credit reports of the divorcing couple, and to make sure that the debt from any creditor not paid off in full is assigned to one spouse or the other.
Cutting Off Your Liability For Additional Debt
When you divorce attorney staten island, you should make sure that you either close any joint credit cards, or that at a minimum you have your name removed from any joint accounts which will continue to be used by your spouse. This will not end your liability for debts incurred up to that point, but should end your responsibility for any new debts incurred on those accounts by your spouse.
Similarly, if you hold any accounts in your own name for which your spouse is an authorized signer, you should revoke the authorization.
Saturday, March 20, 2010
Family Law
Family law attorney staten island issues usually arise in the context of divorce proceedings, child custody disputes, and child protective proceedings. Child protective proceedings arise when the state, acting to protect minor children, attempts to place children into foster care, or to terminate parental rights and to place the children for adoption.
When you are filing for divorce, or if a divorce has been filed against you, you will find that there are a wide range of attorneys who practice family law, and that the fees can vary enormously between law offices. The cheapest attorney is rarely the best, but in an amicable divorce you may find that all you really need is an attorney who won't stand in your way while you negotiate a settlement. You usually will not need to spend a lot on legal fees if you are in agreement on custody and property issues.
When there are disagreements, choose your attorney staten island carefully. If possible, get references from people you know who have recently divorced. As family law is very stressful, a great many attorneys do not practice in the area, and as a consequence it is relatively easy for attorneys with little skill or experience to develop a family law practice. While the most expensive option is not necessarily the best, when faced with contested divorce or custody litigation there is some truth to the old saying, "You get what you pay for." If you try to save money by hiring the cheapest attorney you can find, you may well learn that you gave up more in property, spousal support, or rights to retirement benefits than you "saved" by hiring the wrong lawyer for your case.
Most people do not need to hire the "best" divorce attorneys staten island, or the most expensive. However, if you have a large marital estate, if you have issues of abuse or domestic violence, if the marital estate includes a family business, stock options, or shares in a "closely held" corporation, or if there are other factors which will complicate the evaluation of your fair share of the marital estate, you should consider a specialist.
When you are filing for divorce, or if a divorce has been filed against you, you will find that there are a wide range of attorneys who practice family law, and that the fees can vary enormously between law offices. The cheapest attorney is rarely the best, but in an amicable divorce you may find that all you really need is an attorney who won't stand in your way while you negotiate a settlement. You usually will not need to spend a lot on legal fees if you are in agreement on custody and property issues.
When there are disagreements, choose your attorney staten island carefully. If possible, get references from people you know who have recently divorced. As family law is very stressful, a great many attorneys do not practice in the area, and as a consequence it is relatively easy for attorneys with little skill or experience to develop a family law practice. While the most expensive option is not necessarily the best, when faced with contested divorce or custody litigation there is some truth to the old saying, "You get what you pay for." If you try to save money by hiring the cheapest attorney you can find, you may well learn that you gave up more in property, spousal support, or rights to retirement benefits than you "saved" by hiring the wrong lawyer for your case.
Most people do not need to hire the "best" divorce attorneys staten island, or the most expensive. However, if you have a large marital estate, if you have issues of abuse or domestic violence, if the marital estate includes a family business, stock options, or shares in a "closely held" corporation, or if there are other factors which will complicate the evaluation of your fair share of the marital estate, you should consider a specialist.
False Child Abuse Accusations
The rise of false accusations of abuse in child custody proceedings attorney staten island is very disturbing. Courts often choose to "err on the side of caution," and refuse to grant custody to the accused parent. Sometimes, the accused parent cannot even obtain parenting time (child visitation), even after investigation finds no evidence of abuse.
Making a false abuse allegation is a horrible thing to do to a child. The child will often have to undergo unnecessary and intrustive medical and psychological examinations. If the allegations are of sexual abuse, the physical examinations of the child can be extremely embarrassing to the child. Also, depending upon the circumstances and the age of the child, the false accusations can cause a permanent rift between the child and the accused parent, the accusing parent, or both.
Historically, parents who complained of false accusations were ignored. However, recent studies illustrate how common false allegations are. In Ontario, an analysis of child abuse allegations attorney staten island in the Ottawa area revealed that 60% of accusations of abuse were related to marital breakup, and in two thirds of those cases there was no evidence of any abuse.
It is no longer professionally reasonable for a psychologist to presume the truth of abuse allegations made in the context of divorce. The irresponsibility of parents who make false accusations to hurt their spouse, or to stop a child custody action attorney staten island, has caused grave harm to children who actually are abused -- the significant numbers of false allegations make it less likely that true allegations will be believed.
Making a false abuse allegation is a horrible thing to do to a child. The child will often have to undergo unnecessary and intrustive medical and psychological examinations. If the allegations are of sexual abuse, the physical examinations of the child can be extremely embarrassing to the child. Also, depending upon the circumstances and the age of the child, the false accusations can cause a permanent rift between the child and the accused parent, the accusing parent, or both.
Historically, parents who complained of false accusations were ignored. However, recent studies illustrate how common false allegations are. In Ontario, an analysis of child abuse allegations attorney staten island in the Ottawa area revealed that 60% of accusations of abuse were related to marital breakup, and in two thirds of those cases there was no evidence of any abuse.
It is no longer professionally reasonable for a psychologist to presume the truth of abuse allegations made in the context of divorce. The irresponsibility of parents who make false accusations to hurt their spouse, or to stop a child custody action attorney staten island, has caused grave harm to children who actually are abused -- the significant numbers of false allegations make it less likely that true allegations will be believed.
Child Protective Law
If you are a parent, and are involved in child protective proceedings attorney staten island, you have the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed to represent you.
If you are involved in child protective proceedings, exercise your right to counsel. Please do not assume that you can adequately represent yourself, or that the system is designed to protect your rights. You will be consistently warned throughout proceedings that you could face the permanent loss of your children as a result of the proceedings. That is no joke -- get a lawyer.
Be forewarned that litigation in this area can be expensive -- but remember that your family is at stake.
Defending Yourself
Typically, your best ability to defend agains this type of proceeding will be in its initial stages. This is when many people try to proceed without lawyers staten island, under the belief that if they consent to the court's taking jurisdiction over their children they will somehow improve their chances of securing the return of their children. The reality is usually quite different. Involving a competent lawyer at the start of legal proceedings can help ensure that your rights are protected, and may even result in the return of your children to your home.
Reforms in the 1990's have led to a system of laws in the United States that place a very high priority on permanence. If children have spent a year in foster care, courts and social workers are under considerable pressure to bring about a final resolution of their cases. At that time, if the parents are not ready to assume their responsibilities, or have not lived up to the court's demands upon them, it is likely that a proceeding will follow to permanently terminate parental rights.
While parents have a right to appeal from the termination of parental rights attorney staten island, it is rare for appellate courts to grant relief. Thus it bears repeating, you are best served by obtaining quality representation at the trial court level, at the earliest possible opportunity.
Effect on the Extended Family
When a relative's parental rights are terminated, the extended family's rights are terminated as well. If you have a relative whose children are at risk of being taken from their home, you should consult with an attorney in your state about possible options which might protect your relationship with the children. That may involve convincing the relative to voluntarily let you care for the children for a period of time while they get their act together. If the relative won't cooperate, it may involve petitioning a court for a guardianship over the children, giving you the right to care for the children until the parents remedy the problems in their home, but without the risk of the state terminating parental rights.
If you are involved in child protective proceedings, exercise your right to counsel. Please do not assume that you can adequately represent yourself, or that the system is designed to protect your rights. You will be consistently warned throughout proceedings that you could face the permanent loss of your children as a result of the proceedings. That is no joke -- get a lawyer.
Be forewarned that litigation in this area can be expensive -- but remember that your family is at stake.
Defending Yourself
Typically, your best ability to defend agains this type of proceeding will be in its initial stages. This is when many people try to proceed without lawyers staten island, under the belief that if they consent to the court's taking jurisdiction over their children they will somehow improve their chances of securing the return of their children. The reality is usually quite different. Involving a competent lawyer at the start of legal proceedings can help ensure that your rights are protected, and may even result in the return of your children to your home.
Reforms in the 1990's have led to a system of laws in the United States that place a very high priority on permanence. If children have spent a year in foster care, courts and social workers are under considerable pressure to bring about a final resolution of their cases. At that time, if the parents are not ready to assume their responsibilities, or have not lived up to the court's demands upon them, it is likely that a proceeding will follow to permanently terminate parental rights.
While parents have a right to appeal from the termination of parental rights attorney staten island, it is rare for appellate courts to grant relief. Thus it bears repeating, you are best served by obtaining quality representation at the trial court level, at the earliest possible opportunity.
Effect on the Extended Family
When a relative's parental rights are terminated, the extended family's rights are terminated as well. If you have a relative whose children are at risk of being taken from their home, you should consult with an attorney in your state about possible options which might protect your relationship with the children. That may involve convincing the relative to voluntarily let you care for the children for a period of time while they get their act together. If the relative won't cooperate, it may involve petitioning a court for a guardianship over the children, giving you the right to care for the children until the parents remedy the problems in their home, but without the risk of the state terminating parental rights.
Battered Woman Syndrome
Battered woman syndrome attorney staten island (BWS) was first proposed in the 1970's and was essentially based on the clinical observations of a single researcher. Nevertheless, the concept quickly caught on and became a popular way to justify behavior in some courts. However, while it initially enjoyed success in portions of the legal arena, BWS has not been established nor accepted in the field of psychology by serious and rigorous empirical researchers.
To be sure, clinical syndromes do exist, and BWS may indeed exist, but to date there is insufficient empirical evidence to show this syndrome meets the rigorous diagnostic criteria of psychology or the law. If BWS does exist, there is no reliable means to identify those who suffer from it from those who merely claim it as a legal defense.
BWS appears to be the product of legal advocacy and not science. BWS seems to owe its existence to the needs of legal attorneys staten island to support and justify claims by battered women who have killed. Given the lack of an established, empirical, scientific basis and its failure to achieve specific political and social policy goals for women, BWS may not be long for this world.
BWS has been employed in a wide assortment of cases, ranging from the prototypical self-defense case to the more novel prosecutorial use of the syndrome. In the former set of cases, courts define the syndrome's relevance variously, from supporting the honesty of the woman's belief in the need to use deadly force to her mental incapacity to form the requisite mental intent. In the latter set of cases, in which prosecutors use the evidence, the evidence's relevance is ostensibly offered to explain why a battered woman might change her testimony (i.e., commit perjury) and testify that she was not a victim of battering; in fact, BWS is probably used to buttress the prosecution's case by showing prior violent acts by the defendant that would otherwise be excluded by the rules of evidence.
BWS attorney staten island offers broad interpretations of conduct for which there is no empirical support. As courts begin to apply Daubert styled tests of admissibility that query the scientific basis for BWS testimony, they will discover the serious lack of scientific support for BWS. There are numerous non-specific signs that a clinician favorably biased towards BWS will "see" in the reports of a woman relating a history of battering. Such clinicians are quick to then label the clinical history as causing BWS, and the BWS as justifying or explaining the woman's subsequent unlawful conduct. The clinical error or trap lies in the fact that these signs are commonly seen in a variety of conditions, and none are specifically tied to BWS. Further, the patient can simply lie about or exaggerate their abusive history with a host of non-specific signs. There is a human tendency to accept ready explanations and BWS offers just that. This unreliable manner leads to inaccurate diagnosis. A principal tenant of science is there must first be reliability, and absent this, there can be no validity, that is, no trustworthy diagnosis. So, how can anyone determine who does and who does not suffer with BWS? The simple answer is, we cannot.
To be sure, clinical syndromes do exist, and BWS may indeed exist, but to date there is insufficient empirical evidence to show this syndrome meets the rigorous diagnostic criteria of psychology or the law. If BWS does exist, there is no reliable means to identify those who suffer from it from those who merely claim it as a legal defense.
BWS appears to be the product of legal advocacy and not science. BWS seems to owe its existence to the needs of legal attorneys staten island to support and justify claims by battered women who have killed. Given the lack of an established, empirical, scientific basis and its failure to achieve specific political and social policy goals for women, BWS may not be long for this world.
BWS has been employed in a wide assortment of cases, ranging from the prototypical self-defense case to the more novel prosecutorial use of the syndrome. In the former set of cases, courts define the syndrome's relevance variously, from supporting the honesty of the woman's belief in the need to use deadly force to her mental incapacity to form the requisite mental intent. In the latter set of cases, in which prosecutors use the evidence, the evidence's relevance is ostensibly offered to explain why a battered woman might change her testimony (i.e., commit perjury) and testify that she was not a victim of battering; in fact, BWS is probably used to buttress the prosecution's case by showing prior violent acts by the defendant that would otherwise be excluded by the rules of evidence.
BWS attorney staten island offers broad interpretations of conduct for which there is no empirical support. As courts begin to apply Daubert styled tests of admissibility that query the scientific basis for BWS testimony, they will discover the serious lack of scientific support for BWS. There are numerous non-specific signs that a clinician favorably biased towards BWS will "see" in the reports of a woman relating a history of battering. Such clinicians are quick to then label the clinical history as causing BWS, and the BWS as justifying or explaining the woman's subsequent unlawful conduct. The clinical error or trap lies in the fact that these signs are commonly seen in a variety of conditions, and none are specifically tied to BWS. Further, the patient can simply lie about or exaggerate their abusive history with a host of non-specific signs. There is a human tendency to accept ready explanations and BWS offers just that. This unreliable manner leads to inaccurate diagnosis. A principal tenant of science is there must first be reliability, and absent this, there can be no validity, that is, no trustworthy diagnosis. So, how can anyone determine who does and who does not suffer with BWS? The simple answer is, we cannot.
Before You Get Married
At common law, a marriage was created as the result of a voluntary agreement between a man and a woman to become husband and wife, without the necessity of certification by the church or the state.
Today, marriage law attorney staten island is usually regulated by nations or states, with rights and duties imposed by statute.
At present, most jurisdictions will permit marriage only between a man and a woman, and will not permit either to have multiple spouses. A legal marriage can be ended by death, divorce, or annulment.
Before You Get Married
Before you set your wedding date, it is important to learn the requirements for getting married in your jurisdiction. Usually the requirements will be made clear to you when you apply for a marriage license attorney staten island. Possible issues that may arise include:
•Blood Tests - some jurisdictions require blood tests for common sexually transmitted disease, before they will issue a marriage license;
•Pre-Marital Counseling - some jurisdictions mandate attendance at a counseling session, or a video presentation, meant to introduce some of the issues that a newly married couple might face, or counsel on avoidance of sexually transmitted disease;
•Age Requirements - if one or both would-be spouses are minors, it may be necessary to obtain parental permission before a marriage can proceed. If one or both would-be spouses are very young, typically below the age of 16, it may be necessary to also obtain approval from a judge. Typically, the marriage of a minor has the same effect as legal emancipation.
•Prohibited Marriage - almost all jurisdictions restrict who can get married, so as to prevent unions between close relatives. Sometimes these laws also extend to in-laws and step-relatives. Similarly, western jurisdictions prohibit marriage where one spouse is already married - and will hold a marriage invalid even if that spouse mistakenly thought that a prior marriage had been ended by divorce or annulment.
•Marriage License - for formal marriage, a marriage license is required. There is usually a modest license fee.
•Certificate of Marriage - At the time of the wedding ceremony, the person who performs the ceremony will ordinarily complete a certificate of marriage attorney staten island, which is signed by witnesses to the marriage, and which is filed with the state to record the completion of the marriage. In some jurisdictions the certificate of marriage is incorporated into the marriage license.
Today, marriage law attorney staten island is usually regulated by nations or states, with rights and duties imposed by statute.
At present, most jurisdictions will permit marriage only between a man and a woman, and will not permit either to have multiple spouses. A legal marriage can be ended by death, divorce, or annulment.
Before You Get Married
Before you set your wedding date, it is important to learn the requirements for getting married in your jurisdiction. Usually the requirements will be made clear to you when you apply for a marriage license attorney staten island. Possible issues that may arise include:
•Blood Tests - some jurisdictions require blood tests for common sexually transmitted disease, before they will issue a marriage license;
•Pre-Marital Counseling - some jurisdictions mandate attendance at a counseling session, or a video presentation, meant to introduce some of the issues that a newly married couple might face, or counsel on avoidance of sexually transmitted disease;
•Age Requirements - if one or both would-be spouses are minors, it may be necessary to obtain parental permission before a marriage can proceed. If one or both would-be spouses are very young, typically below the age of 16, it may be necessary to also obtain approval from a judge. Typically, the marriage of a minor has the same effect as legal emancipation.
•Prohibited Marriage - almost all jurisdictions restrict who can get married, so as to prevent unions between close relatives. Sometimes these laws also extend to in-laws and step-relatives. Similarly, western jurisdictions prohibit marriage where one spouse is already married - and will hold a marriage invalid even if that spouse mistakenly thought that a prior marriage had been ended by divorce or annulment.
•Marriage License - for formal marriage, a marriage license is required. There is usually a modest license fee.
•Certificate of Marriage - At the time of the wedding ceremony, the person who performs the ceremony will ordinarily complete a certificate of marriage attorney staten island, which is signed by witnesses to the marriage, and which is filed with the state to record the completion of the marriage. In some jurisdictions the certificate of marriage is incorporated into the marriage license.
Important Considerations for Legal Separation
•If your separation later turns into a divorce, the manner in which you have divided your personal property may well be the manner in which that property becomes divided for the purposes of the divorce. That is, it is not unusual for a divorce settlement attorney staten island or judgment to award separated parties the personal property that is in their own possession. If there are important belongings that, for one reason or another, you will leave with your spouse upon separation, you may wish to make specific note in your separation agreement that both you and your spouse intend that property to come to you in the event of divorce.
•If you contract for the division of property in your separation agreement, that contract will likely be binding upon you in the event of divorce. For example, if your separation agreement assigns the marital home to one spouse, and details how the equity will eventually be divided, absent a new agreement by both spouses it is likely that you will be bound by that earlier agreement upon divorce attorney staten island.
•Insurance companies make money when they deny claims. If you are separating for the purpose of maintaining insurance coverage which would terminate upon divorce, check the policy language carefully. Some insurance companies are now including language which will cause coverage to lapse in the event of a legal separation.
•Remember that separated couples remain married to each other. If you expect that you will wish to remarry, you will ultimately have to go to court to obtain a divorce.
•Remember to separate your finances. Ordinarily, the money in a joint bank account belongs to both people named on the account. That is, if you are placing money into the account, your spouse may have a legal right to withdraw all of that money even if you are separated. If your name appears on a lease or mortgage for the residence where your spouse will live, you will remain liable for payments. Similarly, if you continue to share joint credit accounts, including credit cards, or your name appears on any utility bills (phone, gas, electrical, etc.) you will ordinarily be liable for any debt incurred by your spouse even after separation. It is thus wise to separate your finances, and to obtain credit cards and bank accounts in the individual names of each spouse, as part of the separation process.
•Where pensions or government benefits are involved, it makes sense to consult with an accountant in relation to your financial situation as part of a legal separation attorney staten island, so as to make sure that you meet all of the necessary legal requirements to maintain your interest in those benefits
•If you contract for the division of property in your separation agreement, that contract will likely be binding upon you in the event of divorce. For example, if your separation agreement assigns the marital home to one spouse, and details how the equity will eventually be divided, absent a new agreement by both spouses it is likely that you will be bound by that earlier agreement upon divorce attorney staten island.
•Insurance companies make money when they deny claims. If you are separating for the purpose of maintaining insurance coverage which would terminate upon divorce, check the policy language carefully. Some insurance companies are now including language which will cause coverage to lapse in the event of a legal separation.
•Remember that separated couples remain married to each other. If you expect that you will wish to remarry, you will ultimately have to go to court to obtain a divorce.
•Remember to separate your finances. Ordinarily, the money in a joint bank account belongs to both people named on the account. That is, if you are placing money into the account, your spouse may have a legal right to withdraw all of that money even if you are separated. If your name appears on a lease or mortgage for the residence where your spouse will live, you will remain liable for payments. Similarly, if you continue to share joint credit accounts, including credit cards, or your name appears on any utility bills (phone, gas, electrical, etc.) you will ordinarily be liable for any debt incurred by your spouse even after separation. It is thus wise to separate your finances, and to obtain credit cards and bank accounts in the individual names of each spouse, as part of the separation process.
•Where pensions or government benefits are involved, it makes sense to consult with an accountant in relation to your financial situation as part of a legal separation attorney staten island, so as to make sure that you meet all of the necessary legal requirements to maintain your interest in those benefits
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